What changed.

Law nr. 29/2023 took effect 1 January 2024 and imposed 15%/23% on self-employed and free professions while deferring the same obligation for other small businesses to 2029. On 27 June 2024 the Constitutional Court unanimously annulled Article 69 of Law 29/2023 and Article 4 of VKM 753/2023 for breaching legal certainty, legitimate expectations, clarity of the norm and proportionality. Freelancers reverted to 0% up to ALL 14m until 31 December 2029, and prepaid instalments of roughly ALL 501m were refunded to about 6,450 taxpayers. This was a targeted judicial annulment of the discriminatory element — not a postponement and not a full reversal.

Open but legally in flux. Legal basis is Law 79/2021 'On Foreigners' as amended by Law 43/2025, with changes landing January 2026. Legal commentators cite new minimums of EUR 100,000 (business or government securities) and EUR 300,000 (real estate) introduced via Law 43/2025 — WE COULD NOT CONFIRM THESE FIGURES IN ANY OFFICIAL ALBANIAN GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION. Historically the property route had no minimum, which was Albania's distinguishing feature. Treat the amounts below as unverified.

NEVER LAUNCHED. Announced by Prime Minister Rama, then placed under a moratorium in March 2023 pending the ECJ proceedings against Malta's programme. No Albanian CBI has ever operated and none exists in 2026. We list it because it is still referenced by intermediaries.

Repriced. Law 2/2026 ('Llei Òmnibus 2', the sustainable growth and right-to-housing law) was approved on 22 January 2026, published in BOPA no. 15 on 12 February 2026, and entered into force on 13 February 2026. It amended Article 96 of Law 9/2012, raising the investment from EUR 600,000 to EUR 1,000,000 and converting the AFA deposit into a non-refundable payment to the State.

Open but reworked by Law 2/2026, which tightened immigration control and revised contribution requirements. Figures below should be confirmed with Andorran counsel — the February 2026 reform moved several of them.

Governed by Ley 346 of 1869. DNU 366/2025 tried to tighten it to two years of continuous residence with zero departures and to move jurisdiction from federal judges to Migraciones. On 30 June 2026 the Cámara Nacional Electoral declared that transfer absolutely and incurably null; citizenship jurisdiction has returned to the federal electoral courts. The law is in flux and the government is expected to appeal.

CLOSING — hard deadline 1 November 2026. No new issuance after that date; existing special passports remain valid to their printed expiry. This is the single most time-critical item in the region: applications must be filed before 1 November 2026, roughly fifteen weeks from the date of writing.

Open but tightened from 1 November 2026 under Article 29.4: new minimum charter capital of AMD 2,000,000 (roughly USD 5,300) for an LLC or JSC, and AMD 1,000,000 (roughly USD 2,700) in a local account for a sole entrepreneur. Permanent residence fees also change: AMD 140,000 through 31 December 2026, rising to AMD 250,000 from 1 January 2027, with US citizens remaining at AMD 140,000.

CONFIRMED CLOSED. The entire Business Innovation and Investment Programme — including the Significant Investor stream (188C, AUD 5m), the Investor stream (188B) and the Entrepreneur stream (188E) — shut to new applications on 31 July 2024. Australia has no residency-by-investment programme of any kind and has not since that date. Applicants who withdrew on or after 31 July 2024 could claim a refund of the visa application charge.

Superseded on 7 December 2024. The Global Talent visa used subclass 858 and that subclass now carries the National Innovation Visa — the number survived, the programme did not. GTV's target-sector list, income threshold guidance and comparatively generous invitation rate are all gone.

Launched 2022; administered by Nationality, Passports and Residence Affairs (NPRA). The property threshold was CUT 35% from BHD 200,000 to BHD 130,000 (roughly USD 345,000), announced 26 November 2025 — the official eligibility page already reflects BHD 130,000. Any source still quoting BHD 200,000 is out of date.

In force from 1 January 2026. Not retroactive — gains accrued up to 31 December 2025 are protected, which makes the 31 December 2025 valuation of every Belgian resident's portfolio a permanent tax attribute.

The Citizenship (Amendment) Act No. 23 of 2024 was assented on 29 October 2024 with commencement 'ON NOTICE'. We could not locate the commencement Order or Statutory Instrument. The Minister publicly stated in February 2025 that the changes are operational but cited no gazette date. Obtain written Ministry confirmation before relying on it.

Active, contrary to a widespread belief that it was abolished after the OECD review. It was narrowed, not repealed: IFSC activities now carry a restricted definition framed 'having due regard to BEPS initiatives'. The current OECD Forum on Harmful Tax Practices classification could not be verified.

Reshaped by Lei 14.754/2023 (offshore assets, CFCs and trusts) and Lei 15.270/2025 (the IRPFM minimum tax from 2026). This is a tightening cycle, and we list it because it is the decisive factor in every Brazilian relocation.

ABOLISHED. The National Assembly voted unanimously on 24 March 2022 (218-0-0) to repeal Articles 12a and 14a of the Bulgarian Citizenship Act. Promulgated in State Gazette No. 26/2022 and in force from 5 April 2022. The Act also terminated pending proceedings under those articles. Roughly 100+ passports had been issued since inception in 2013, mainly to Russian, Chinese and Middle Eastern applicants.

Open, but materially different from what most sources describe. The government bond route was ABOLISHED by the March 2021 amendments to the Foreigners Act — a year before the CBI repeal — along with the trust-agreement and intellectual-property routes. The BGN 1,000,000 threshold survives only via collective investment schemes and alternative investment funds. Marketing sites still quote 'EUR 512,000 in government bonds' without noting the underlying asset changed; this is the single most common error in the public material on Bulgaria.

Open, but materially tightened by the March 2021 amendments, which capped lineage at the great-grandparent generation and abolished the two-stage State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad certificate. Evidence of origin now goes directly to the Ministry of Justice and must consist of official documents issued by Bulgarian or foreign state bodies. Statutory decision period cut from 12 to 9 months.

CLOSED TO NEW APPLICATIONS FROM 1 JANUARY 2026 by ministerial instructions published in the Canada Gazette on 20 December 2025. IRCC stopped accepting new commitment certificates from designated organisations on that date. Only SUV applications supported by a commitment certificate issued by a designated entity in 2025 are still accepted, and those had to be filed by 30 June 2026 — that window has now passed. Everything filed on or after 1 January 2026 without a 2025 certificate is returned without processing. The cause was a backlog reported at roughly 42,000–46,000 files with processing times exceeding a decade. A replacement 'high impact' entrepreneur pilot has been announced but had not opened as of July 2026.

PAUSED to new applications from 1 January 2026, on the same ministerial instructions that closed the Start-up Visa (Canada Gazette, 20 December 2025). Applications filed on or after that date are returned without processing. IRCC has not published a restart date.

CLOSED. The Federal Immigrant Investor Programme was terminated in 2014 and the backlog of roughly 59,000 applications was cancelled outright by legislation, with fees refunded. Its replacement, the Immigrant Investor Venture Capital pilot (CAD 2M at-risk for 15 years), attracted almost no qualified applicants and was terminated in 2017. Canada has had no federal passive-investor route since. The Québec Immigrant Investor Programme is the only survivor.

Closed to new applicants. Launched in October 2020 as one of the first Caribbean remote-work visas, offering up to two years' residence for remote workers with a USD 100,000 minimum income. It was the first digital nomad visa in the world to shut. Cayman now expects long-stay remote workers to use the standard residency certificates instead.

Abolished with effect from 1 November 2020 after an Al Jazeera undercover investigation and a critical Audit Office report. The Nikolatos inquiry committee subsequently found that a majority of passports granted under the scheme — reported at 53% — were issued unlawfully. Revocation proceedings and criminal investigations have continued through 2025.

Materially changed by the tax reform passed by Parliament on 22 December 2025, gazetted 31 December 2025 and in force for tax years from 1 January 2026. The 17-year limit stays, but is now extendable by two consecutive 5-year periods at EUR 250,000 per period — a maximum of 27 years. Simultaneously the SDC rate on dividends from post-2026 profits fell from 17% to 5%, which sharply reduces what the non-dom exemption is actually worth.

Amended for tax years from 1 January 2026: the condition that the individual must not be tax resident in any other state has been REMOVED. The remaining conditions are unchanged.

Materially improved from 1 January 2026. A CZK 40,000,000 annual cap on the capital gains exemption took effect on 1 January 2025 and was REPEALED with effect from 1 January 2026 for securities and corporate shares — the position reverts to an uncapped exemption once the holding period is met. The cap survives for crypto-assets.

Open, and improved for 2026: the minimum monthly salary fell to DKK 65,400 after ATP, down from DKK 78,000 in 2025. Duration is 84 months (7 years), a lifetime maximum.

Adopted by the Folketing on 16 May 2024, effective from 2026. The single top bracket splits into middle, top and top-top brackets.

Superseded. Law 173/2018 allowed an EGP 7m deposit (roughly USD 391k at the time) to buy five-year residency, with citizenship possible after five consecutive years of residence. It was replaced by Law 190 of 2019, which created the direct citizenship-by-investment route with no residency period at all — launched March 2020.

0% on retained and reinvested profits; 22/78 on distribution since 1 January 2025 (up from 20/80). The 14/86 reduced rate on regular distributions was abolished on 1 January 2025 to align with the 15% global minimum effective rate. The 2% security tax was repealed on 19 June 2025 before ever taking effect, and the separate rise of personal and corporate income tax to 24% was cancelled by the Riigikogu in December 2025 — but VAT did rise to 24% on 1 July 2025 and that is permanent.

Substantially improved: the rate fell from 32% to 25% on 1 January 2026, and the duration is 84 months (7 years), up from 48 months since the end of 2023. Newly extended to returning Finnish citizens for work starting on or after 1 January 2026, capped at 60 months.

Residence raised from 5 to 8 years on 1 October 2024 — but reduced to 5 years for those meeting the language requirement. A separate income requirement took effect on 17 December 2025.

NOT abolished, despite persistent reports. A report proposed replacing it with a capital gains tax; it was not implemented. For 2026 the tax-free threshold rose from EUR 20,000 to EUR 30,000, the gift tax threshold from EUR 5,000 to EUR 7,500 (3-year rolling), and the household goods exemption from EUR 4,000 to EUR 7,500. In March 2026 Finance Minister Riikka Purra explicitly ruled out abolition, citing at least EUR 1bn of revenue loss.

Reformed with effect from 1 March 2026: the property threshold for a one-year temporary residence permit rose from USD 100,000 (in place since 2019) to USD 150,000. The USD 300,000 investment route to a five-year permit is unchanged. The threshold is measured on the combined market value of all properties owned, assessed by accredited appraisers, not on a single purchase.

Substantially widened from 1 January 2025: the Annual Tax Act 2025 extended exit taxation to units in investment funds and special investment funds via new provisions in §19 and §49 InvStG, mirroring the §6 AStG rules that previously applied only to corporate shareholdings.

The 2024 reform stands: 5 years instead of 8, and dual citizenship generally permitted from 27 June 2024. But the 3-year 'turbo' fast track introduced alongside it was repealed with effect from 30 October 2025 — the Bundestag voted 450 to 134. A uniform 5-year minimum now applies.

Time-sensitive. The GIPA Bill 2026 passed Parliament on 2 April 2026 and repeals Act 865 on assent — which had not occurred as of 15 July 2026. The Bill abolishes the USD 200,000 and USD 500,000 minimums for most sectors, drops trading to USD 500,000 but tightens localisation to at least 75% skilled Ghanaians, and expands automatic quotas to 12. Clients contemplating a USD 500k structure purely to satisfy Act 865 should wait for assent.

Repriced. On 18 June 2026 the Government announced that new applicants must show net worth above GBP 5,000,000 (previously GBP 2,000,000) and that the application fee rises from GBP 1,233 to GBP 5,000. Existing certificate holders are fully grandfathered on the old threshold. The published tax figures are unchanged. The announcement did not state an effective date — confirm before filing.

Repriced by Article 64 of Law 5100/2024, which amended the Migration Code (Law 5038/2023). Transactions from 1 September 2024 fall fully under the new tiers, and every transitional deadline that let buyers lock in the old EUR 250,000 threshold has now expired. Law 5275/2026 (Gazette FEK A' 17, 6 February 2026) restructured Greece's whole immigration framework and tightened Golden Visa procedure, but did NOT change the investment thresholds.

Restructured by Law 5275/2026 (in force 6 February 2026): a D visa obtained at a Greek consulate or through the digital portal before entry is now mandatory. Applicants can no longer enter on a C visa or visa waiver and convert on arrival.

Suspended with effect from 15 January 2015 and never reopened in its original form. Replaced by the New CIES from 1 March 2024, which is materially different: HKD 30m rather than HKD 10m, a mandatory government portfolio contribution, and far tighter real estate treatment.

Open and reformed, not closed. The annual quota was suspended for 2023–2025 and the enhanced General Points Test replaced the old item-by-item scoring with a criteria-based questionnaire — and there are no annual quotas under the enhanced GPT. Verify current mechanics with Immigration before relying on the points arithmetic quoted elsewhere.

In force since 1 July 2024. The EUR 500,000 direct residential real estate purchase route was repealed by amendment published in Magyar Kozlony on 20 December 2024 before it ever opened to applicants (it had been scheduled to become available on 1 January 2025). Only the EUR 250,000 real estate fund route and the EUR 1,000,000 higher education donation route remain.

Ran from 2013; bond sales suspended from 31 March 2017 and the programme was wound down. The government said Hungary no longer had an economic need for it; the surrounding reporting documented corruption and opacity. Replaced in July 2024 by the Guest Investor Programme.

Closed to new applications from 15 February 2023 with effectively no notice, ending an 11-year programme. Applications on hand at closure are still being processed — as of January 2026 the Department of Justice confirmed roughly 1,400 files representing about EUR 1bn remained under review, with 1,164 late-stage files already processed channelling EUR 771.9m into social housing bonds, nursing homes and sports facilities. Nothing replaced it.

THE most important change in the region for UHNW families. Amendment 168 (2008) gives new immigrants and senior returning residents a 10-year exemption from Israeli tax on foreign-source income and foreign capital gains. Amendment 272 — known as the 'Milchan Law' — was passed by the Knesset on 2 April 2024, published in Reshumot on 7 April 2024, and took effect 1 January 2026. It REPEALED the accompanying reporting exemption. The TAX exemption remains fully intact; only the confidentiality is gone. It applies to those who become Israeli residents on or after 1 January 2026; those resident before that date are grandfathered and keep the reporting exemption for their remaining benefit period. The driver was the OECD Global Forum, which found Israel non-compliant on transparency because it lacked access to information on olim and their trusts and entities, and warned the policy risked Israel being treated as a tax haven. It was NOT part of the Economic Arrangements Law.

RAISED TWICE IN 18 MONTHS. Originally EUR 100,000. Doubled to EUR 200,000 by Article 2 of Law Decree No. 113 of 9 August 2024 for those transferring residence from 10 August 2024. Raised again to EUR 300,000 by the 2026 Budget Law, approved 30 December 2025, for individuals transferring legal residence from 1 January 2026. The family member charge rose from EUR 25,000 to EUR 50,000. Cohorts are grandfathered at their entry rate: 2024 electors keep EUR 100,000; those resident by 31 December 2025 keep EUR 200,000.

TRANSFORMED. Decree-Law No. 36/2025 took effect overnight on 27–28 March 2025 with no notice, converted into Law No. 74/2025 (Chamber vote 20 May 2025, published in the Official Gazette 23 May, effective 24 May 2025). Italy went from having NO generational limit — the most open descent regime in the world — to a hard two-generation limit. The Constitutional Court dismissed challenges on 12 March 2026 as partly unfounded and partly inadmissible, so the reform stands and the main judicial route to attack it is closed.

EXPANDED in 2026, bucking the trend. Law No. 34 of 11 March 2026 raised the municipal population ceiling from 20,000 to 30,000 residents, effective 7 April 2026, bringing 74 previously excluded southern municipalities into scope.

Cut back sharply by Legislative Decree No. 209/2023 for transfers from 2024 onward: the old 70–90% exemption with a possible 10-year run was replaced by a 50% exemption on income up to EUR 600,000, for 5 years. Unchanged through 2025 and 2026.

Substantially tightened. The Ministry of Justice promulgated amended ministerial ordinances on 10 October 2025 and the revised criteria took effect on 16 October 2025. The capital requirement rose from JPY 5m to JPY 30m — a sixfold increase — alongside new employment, experience and Japanese-language conditions. Existing holders have a three-year transition to 16 October 2028.

Substantially reformed twice. A Cabinet decision of 2 July 2025 overhauled the framework, expanding the routes, capping approvals at 500 per year, consolidating administration under the Ministry of Investment — and PHASING OUT the passive options entirely. A further Cabinet revamp was reported by Petra, the official Jordan News Agency, in July 2026, raising the stock-market threshold and lowering provincial business thresholds to push capital outside Amman. The figures below reflect the July 2026 rules and are days old — implementing detail may not yet be published. Since inception in 2018 Jordan has granted citizenship to 681 investors.

CLOSED. The zero-interest USD 1m / JOD 1m Central Bank deposit and the JOD 1m treasury bond routes were phased out by the Cabinet decision of 2 July 2025 in favour of active investment, share purchase and job creation. This is the route almost every adviser and comparison site still quotes for Jordan. It no longer exists for new applicants.

New framework, weeks old. Amiri Decree-Law No. 114 of 2024 (issued 28 November 2024) repealed the 1959 Foreigners' Residency Law outright. Executive Regulations followed via Ministerial Resolution 2249/2025, in force 23 December 2025. Cabinet Resolution No. 651 of 2026, published in the Official Gazette on 14 June 2026, opened the 15-year investor route. No track record and no published approvals.

STATUS GENUINELY UNCLEAR — do not quote to a client without direct PMLP confirmation. PMLP's page for this route is still published (EUR 250,000 in interest-free special-purpose government bonds, EUR 38,000 state fee) but has not been updated since 22 April 2022. Multiple secondary sources and a Cabinet draft annotation state the securities route was already eliminated before the 2026 reform, and reporting on the June 2026 law lists only real estate and subordinated capital as newly scrapped — implying bonds were gone already. We could not resolve the conflict from public sources.

DEFINITIVELY CLOSED. New applicants had to request the ancestry certificate from the Ministry of Justice by 31 December 2018. Those who met that deadline then had until 31 December 2025 to sign the recovery declaration before a civil registrar. Both deadlines have now passed — as of July 2026 this route is fully extinct. Numerous agencies still advertise it.

Reformed and open. The three-tier Silver/Gold/Platinum structure announced in December 2023 took effect in 2024 and remains in force as at July 2026, alongside a separate Special Economic Zone tier. Deposit figures below are stated in USD as the tiers are USD-denominated; property minimums are in MYR.

Closed. The original terms — MYR 300,000 fixed deposit for under-50s (MYR 150,000 for 50+) and MYR 10,000 monthly offshore income — were withdrawn when the programme was frozen in 2020 and relaunched in 2021 on radically more expensive terms. Superseded again by the 2024 tier structure.

Reformed with effect from 1 January 2025 and administered separately from federal MM2H by the Sarawak state government. Sources conflict materially on the current fixed deposit — the official InvestSarawak announcement of the 2025 changes states RM 500,000, while older material and some agents still quote RM 150,000 for older applicants. Confidence set to low; verify directly with the Sarawak Ministry of Tourism, Creative Industry and Performing Arts.

Struck down by the CJEU (Grand Chamber) in Case C-181/23, European Commission v Republic of Malta, 29 April 2025. Malta repealed the investment route via the Maltese Citizenship (Amendment) Act — Act XXI of 2025, published and in force 24 July 2025. No new applications. This was the last direct citizenship-by-investment programme in the European Union.

Malta's answer to the CJEU ruling. Act XXI of 2025 kept the Article 10(9) 'exceptional services' power but stripped out every transactional element. Governed by the Granting of Citizenship by Naturalisation on the Basis of Merit Regulations, Subsidiary Legislation 188.06, as amended by Legal Notice 159 of 2025. There is no set sum: the responsible Minister confirmed 'there will no longer be a set amount of money which applicants will have to pay to acquire citizenship.'

In force at USD 50,000 under the Finance Act 2025. The Budget 2026-27 (19 June 2026) raises the minimum initial investment to USD 100,000 and resets the turnover tests to MUR 5m from year 3 and MUR 8m from year 5 for renewal. Those changes require the Finance Act 2026 and were not yet enacted at 15 July 2026 — applicants in the window should confirm which regime applies on the date of filing.

Open at USD 375,000, but the economics changed sharply on 1 July 2026: registration duty and land transfer tax on transfers of scheme property to non-citizens both doubled from 5% to 10%, with no grandfathering for reservations signed earlier. Separately, the G+2 route on State Land and Pas Géométriques has been closed to non-citizens as of 19 June 2026.

Open. The Finance Act 2025 raised the permanent residence qualification from 3 to 5 years of permit-holding and set the PR threshold at USD 200,000 transferred over the 5-year period. An application fee of USD 50 has applied since 1 December 2025.

Qualification tightened with effect from September 2025: the qualifying permit-holding period rose from 3 to 5 years and the income and investment thresholds rose across every category.

Abolished by the Budget 2026-27 on 19 June 2026. The Annex to the Budget Speech states plainly that 'the Family Occupation Permit category will be abolished', with consequential amendments to the Immigration Act. Introduced in 2022 at a USD 250,000 contribution for a 10-year renewable permit covering the whole family, it never attracted meaningful volume.

Announced in the 2018 Budget Speech — a USD 1m non-refundable contribution to a Mauritius Sovereign Fund for citizenship, and USD 500k for a passport for each dependant. It was never implemented and has since been dropped. Mauritius has no citizenship-by-investment programme and has never had one.

Open but MATERIALLY NARROWED. Under guidelines applied from July 2025, only retirees and pensioners can obtain permanent residency directly from abroad on economic-solvency grounds; consulates now require applicants to be genuinely retired even where they exceed the financial thresholds. Working-age applicants must complete four years of temporary residency first. The 2026 thresholds, verified against the 2026 UMA of MXN 117.31: 1,140 × UMA = MXN 133,733.40 per month of income (≈USD 7,300–7,400), or 45,850 × UMA = MXN 5,378,663.50 in savings or investments (≈USD 294,000–298,000). The government card fee is MXN 13,579 (≈USD 742), one-time.

CONFIRMED DEAD. Launched Q2 2018 at EUR 100,000; applications suspended July 2019; Parliament voted repeal in second reading in June 2020 with 80 of 101 MPs in favour; termination effective 1 September 2020, with the final repeal vote on 20 September 2020. Repeal was one of eight EU conditions for the second EUR 30m macro-financial assistance tranche. Only 52 people were ever naturalised through it. Nothing has replaced it and, given the EU accession track, nothing will.

CONFIRMED CLOSED. The programme concluded on 31 December 2022 — stated directly on Henley & Partners' own Montenegro page. It closed after sustained EU pressure over abuse potential and, latterly, the risk of assisting Russian nationals in evading sanctions. Nothing has replaced it and no CBI exists. Hundreds of applications remained in the pipeline after closure.

MATERIALLY CHANGED 17 JANUARY 2026. Amendments to the Law on Foreigners were adopted by parliament on the final day of 2025 and entered into force on 17 January 2026, imposing a minimum property taxable value of EUR 150,000 where previously there was no official minimum. The government's opening position in November 2025 was EUR 200,000; parliament settled at EUR 150,000. Any research on file dated before 2026 is now wrong.

Open but substantially reformed under OECD pressure. The OECD Forum on Harmful Tax Practices, in its consolidated peer review results updated to February 2026, rates CFC 'Not harmful (amended)' — ring-fencing removed, substance requirements in place, grandfathering of the old regime ended 31 December 2022. Corporate tax converged from 15% to 20%.

Abolished with no grandfathering. The OECD Forum on Harmful Tax Practices records the Moroccan regime for 'banks and holding companies in offshore zones' (Law 58-90, the Tangier Offshore Financial Centre) as abolished. Activity was consolidated into Casablanca Finance City from around 2017, which was itself then reformed.

Effectively frozen. Following Immigration Selection Board v Knoche [2025] NAHCMD 180 (17 April 2025) — in which the court found the Board had applied a 'fixed assets' test with no statutory basis and ordered issuance — execution was stayed pending a Supreme Court appeal, and the Ministry used the stay to suspend all permanent residence decisions. Reportedly around 55 applications are stuck, some for 18 months.

Still 30% for 2026. Drops to 27% from 1 January 2027 for anyone whose ruling started on or after 1 January 2024; rulings that started before 1 January 2024 keep 30% for their full 5-year term. Note that the 2024 stepped 30/20/10 taper was scrapped before it fully bit and is NOT the current law — a common source of stale advice.

Rebuilt from 1 April 2025 into two categories (Growth and Balanced). The English language requirement was removed outright and the presence requirement cut. Further loosened since: from February 2026 offshore AIP holders may buy or build one NZ home valued at NZD 5 million or more, and from 1 June 2026 Growth applicants may direct up to 20% of the investment to qualifying philanthropy.

Closed to new applications on 27 July 2022 and replaced by the Active Investor Plus visa. Investor 1 required NZD 10m over 3 years; Investor 2 required NZD 3m over 4 years with an English requirement, an age cap of 65 and a points test. Nothing remains of these categories.

In force. Four acts signed on 26 June 2025, effective 1 January 2026. The Federal Inland Revenue Service became the Nigeria Revenue Service. Transition guidelines confirm no retrospective application. This is the most consequential tax change in the region alongside Mauritius's.

LEGALLY EXTANT, OPERATIONALLY NON-FUNCTIONING. The Article 11 basis and the implementing Government Decree (Official Gazette 9/05, amended 2012, 2019, 2021) have not been repealed. But no investor has obtained a passport via the EUR 200k fund route introduced in 2021; Henley & Partners — the promoter itself — states the government 'is currently in the process of setting up the program'; and the European Commission reported that North Macedonia had received five economic-citizenship applications and processed none. The roughly 121 economic citizenships cited by promoters were granted between 2005 and 2022 under discretionary national-interest naturalisation, not the fund programme. Some 2026 promoter sites claim it is reopening; that claim is commercially interested, uncorroborated and we do not credit it.

Fundamentally rewritten for relocations and transfers on or after 20 March 2024. The old NOK 500,000 threshold is gone, replaced by a NOK 3,000,000 basic allowance. The critical change: a 12-year cap on deferral, after which the tax falls due whether or not the shares were ever sold.

Originally launched 2021; RELAUNCHED 31 August 2025 through the Invest Oman platform with new routes and branding. Thresholds survived the relaunch. Permits issued by the Royal Oman Police.

Reformed by Executive Decree 197 of 7 May 2021 and Executive Decree 226 of 20 July 2021, both effective 7 August 2021. The pre-2021 version — instant permanent residency on the strength of a Panamanian company and a small bank balance — is dead. There is now a real economic tie and a two-year provisional stage.

Still territorial as a general rule, but Law 526 of 28 May 2026 introduces economic-substance and reporting requirements for entities in multinational groups earning foreign passive income, effective from fiscal year 2027.

Ley 6984/2022 replaced the old migration law and abolished the famous route to near-instant permanent residency on a USD 5,000 bank deposit. Since then, non-investors must hold temporary residency for two years before applying for permanent status.

Reformed with effect from 1 September 2025 under the Expanded SRRV Programme. The minimum age dropped from 50 to 40, the SRRV Smile and Human Touch categories were abolished, Bureau of Immigration clearance became mandatory for all applicants, and the principal application fee rose from USD 1,400 to USD 1,500. Deposit figures below are taken from the Philippine Retirement Authority's own published schedule.

SUSPENDED since 26 January 2024 by Foreign Minister Radoslaw Sikorski, and still suspended in 2026. No new visas or recommendations are being issued. Suspension followed findings that holders were transiting to other EU states rather than staying in Poland. Not formally closed — resumption is conditioned on 'solutions that guarantee proper verification', but no timeline has emerged in over two years.

Abolished by the Mais Habitação law (Lei 56/2023) with effect from October 2023. The EUR 500k/EUR 350k property routes, the EUR 1.5m capital transfer route and the EUR 500k listed-securities route are all dead. Existing holders keep their permits and may renew.

Fundamentally reformed by Organic Law 1/2026, published in Diário da República no. 95 on 18 May 2026 and in force 19 May 2026. Residency requirement rose from 5 years to 7 years (EU and Portuguese-speaking countries) or 10 years (all others).

Reformed by Organic Law 1/2026 in force 19 May 2026. The parent and grandparent routes survive but grandchildren are now expressly subject to the language, culture, security and rule-of-law tests of Article 6(1)(c)–(h).

Closed to new applicants. Organic Law 1/2026 revoked Article 6(7) of the Nationality Law with effect from 19 May 2026. The Jewish Community of Lisbon stopped accepting new certification requests on 4 May 2026, the day after promulgation. Applications filed before the cut-off continue under the prior rules.

Open but fundamentally reformed by Act 38-2026, signed in March 2026 by Governor Jenniffer González-Colón. CRITICAL: Act 38-2026 remains PENDING FINAL ENDORSEMENT by the Financial Oversight and Management Board (FOMB) under PROMESA, and we could not confirm that endorsement has been granted. The 2055 extension is not yet final. Verify at the date of any advice.

Closed to new applicants — superseded by Act 60-2019, which consolidated Puerto Rico's incentives into a single code from 1 January 2020 and doubled the annual donation from USD 5,000 to USD 10,000. Existing Act 22 decrees remain valid on their original terms and, under Act 38-2026, may be renegotiated to adopt the new 4%/2055 regime.

Open but SEVERELY tightened. Law 14/2025, in force 14 March 2025, reintroduced a B1 Romanian language requirement for both Article 10 and Article 11 — a requirement that had been eliminated in 2009. This is the first time since 2009 that Article 11 restoration carries a language test. A grace period allows filing without the certificate at submission stage, originally to 15 March 2026 and extended by one year to 15 March 2027.

The 10% flat personal income tax survived the Bolojan government's fiscal consolidation — it was the political red line. Much else did not: dividend tax tripled from 5% to 16% in three years, VAT rose to 21%, and the IT/construction/agriculture salary exemptions were abolished.

OUR CHARACTERISATION, STATED OPENLY: the Act remains in force, so the programme is technically live, but it has essentially never been used — a minister noted in June 2023 that it had 'never been used once after being assented eight years ago.' We label it paused rather than open because treating it as an available route would mislead. Cabinet approved reform recommendations in May 2024 and, per October 2025 reporting, approved adding government bonds and a national development fund as qualifying options. Reports also indicate consideration of halving the threshold and banning applicants with foreign government ties. None of this is confirmed as enacted.

REPEALED. The Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2023 (Act 25 of 2023), assented by President Wavel Ramkalawan on 19 December 2023, states: 'Repeal of section 5C — 6. Section 5C of the principal Act is repealed.' Section 5C was the investor citizenship route (USD 1,000,000 plus 11 years' residence) inserted by Act 11 of 2013. The student route in section 5B was repealed at the same time and presidential discretion was narrowed to distinguished service and surviving spouses.

Materially harder since 1 July 2025: an annual national quota of 700 applicants across all Slovak embassies and consulates combined, allocated per post (ranging from 1 to 190 slots), with applications accepted only at consulates abroad and a mandatory business plan.

The punitive 2010 law was substantially defused but NOT abolished by the 2022 amendment. Retention is now possible but conditional on a 90-day notification.

NO FORMAL INVESTOR OR GOLDEN VISA PROGRAMME EXISTS IN SLOVAKIA. We list this explicitly because commercial sites actively market one. Specialist surveys of every open European golden visa omit Slovakia entirely.

The Reserve Bank's 'emigration' concept was abolished on 1 March 2021. Exchange control no longer has a separate emigration application — the process now runs entirely through SARS. SARS updated its cease-residency guidance with effect from 27 June 2025 and introduced a formal reinstatement declaration in July 2025; the 2025 tax return was also split to separate pre- and post-cessation income.

Reformed by the points-based system introduced in the 2024 regulations and operational alongside the Trusted Employer Scheme. A points threshold must now be met in addition to appearing on the critical skills list.

ABOLISHED. Organic Law 1/2025 of 2 January 2025 (published in the BOE on 3 January 2025) repealed Articles 63–67 of Law 14/2013. No new applications have been accepted since 3 April 2025. Nothing replaced it — Spain deliberately did not create a successor investment route.

Open. Repriced from 1 July 2024 under the OECS Memorandum of Agreement: the Sustainable Island State Contribution (SISC) minimum is USD 250,000 — the highest of the five. A 2026 'genuine link' overhaul introducing physical presence and productive-investment requirements has been announced by the CIU but was not confirmed in force as at July 2026; treat the presence rule as imminent rather than settled.

Tightened on 6 June 2026: residence raised from 5 to 8 years, with a new self-sufficiency requirement. Critically, there were NO transitional arrangements — applications already filed but undecided on 6 June 2026 are judged under the new rules.

Reformed 1 June 2026: the salary requirement rose to 90% of the Swedish median salary. With the median set at SEK 38,300 as of 16 June 2026, the floor is SEK 34,470/month. This is a moving target — it resets whenever Statistics Sweden publishes a new median.

Reformed 1 January 2026: the tax-free allowance doubled from SEK 150,000 to SEK 300,000 per person across all ISK and endowment insurance accounts combined, but the underlying rate rose to about 1.065%.

Reformed. The Tanzania Investment Act 2022 has been REPEALED. The Tanzania Investment and Special Economic Zones Act No. 6 of 2025 merged the Tanzania Investment Centre and the EPZ Authority into TISEZA, live from 1 July 2025. Separately, the Zanzibar Revenue Board no longer exists — the Zanzibar Revenue Authority was established by Act No. 11 of 2022, effective 13 January 2023.

Open but repriced. The minimum investment rose from BSD 750,000 to BSD 1,000,000 with effect from 1 January 2025, and a 10-year holding condition now applies — the Immigration Board may revoke residency if the investment is disposed of earlier. BSD is pegged 1:1 to USD.

Both abolished under OECD Forum on Harmful Tax Practices pressure, with grandfathering ending 31 December 2020. Ordinary corporate tax now applies, and that rate itself rose from 15% to 20% under Finance Law 2025. The 'totally exporting / non-resident company' corporate form still exists (requiring at least 66% foreign-held capital via convertible currency import) but carries none of the old tax advantages.

In force from 6 April 2025. Domicile and deemed domicile are gone; the test is now purely residence-based. Autumn Budget 2025 added a GBP 5m cap on relevant property charges for pre-30 October 2024 excluded property trusts, retrospective to 6 April 2025.

Reformed from 6 April 2025: extended to 4 tax years and decoupled from domicile and offshore retention, but capped for the first time.

Closed to new applications with no notice on 17 February 2022 over security concerns — illegitimately acquired wealth and links to corruption. Permanently closed; there is no successor route. The GBP 5m 'invite-only' concept floated in 2026 is a proposal only.

Open but materially harder since 15 January 2025, when USCIS issued the most detailed NIW policy update in nearly a decade (Policy Manual Vol. 6, Pt. F, Ch. 5, effective immediately and applied to petitions pending on that date). The three-prong Matter of Dhanasar test is unchanged, but the guidance sharply tightens how officers assess the profession/endeavour nexus, and demands independent objective corroboration rather than expert letters and business plans alone. Entrepreneurs must now show national-level, not local or personal commercial, importance. RFE language has visibly shifted.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (PL 119-21, signed 4 July 2025) permanently raised the federal estate, gift and GST exemption to USD 15,000,000 per person (USD 30M per couple) from 1 January 2026, with no sunset and indexation resuming in 2027. Critically, it did NOT change the exemption for non-domiciled foreigners, which remains fixed at USD 60,000 against US-situs assets.

Substantially rewritten by Ley 20.446 (Presupuesto Nacional 2025–2029) with effect from 1 January 2026. The holiday is 11 years (year of arrival plus ten). The investment gateway was repriced from roughly USD 590k of real estate to UI 12.5 million (~USD 2m), the old 60-day presence route was removed, and foreign immovable-capital income and capital gains became taxable for residents outside the holiday.